Section 102.03. Conditions of liability.

 

(1)  Liability under this chapter shall exist against an employer only where the following conditions concur:

(a) Where the employee sustains an injury.

(b) Where, at the time of the injury, both the employer and employee are subject to the provisions of this chapter.

(c)

1. Where, at the time of the injury, the employee is performing service growing out of and incidental to his or her employment.

2. Any employee going to and from his or her employment in the ordinary and usual way, while on the premises of the employer, or while in the immediate vicinity of those premises if the injury results from an occurrence on the premises; any employee going between an employer's designated parking lot and the employer's work premises while on a direct route and in the ordinary and usual way; any volunteer fire fighter, first responder, emergency medical technician, rescue squad member, or diving team member while responding to a call for assistance, from the time of the call for assistance to the time of his or her return from responding to that call, including traveling to and from any place to respond to and return from that call, but excluding any deviations for private or personal purposes; or any fire fighter or municipal utility employee responding to a call for assistance outside the limits of his or her city or village, unless that response is in violation of law, is performing service growing out of and incidental to employment.

3. An employee is not performing service growing out of and incidental to his or her employment while going to or from employment in a private or group or employer-sponsored car pool, van pool, commuter bus service, or other ride-sharing program in which the employee participates voluntarily and the sole purpose of which is the mass transportation of employees to and from employment. An employee is not performing service growing out of and incidental to employment while engaging in a program, event, or activity designed to improve the physical well-being of the employee, whether or not the program, event, or activity is located on the employer's premises, if participation in the program, event, or activity is voluntary and the employee receives no compensation for participation.

4. The premises of the employer include the premises of any other person on whose premises the employee performs service.

5. To enhance the morale and efficiency of public employees in this state and attract qualified personnel to the public service, it is the policy of the state that the benefits of this chapter shall extend and be granted to employees in the service of the state or of any municipality therein on the same basis, in the same manner, under the same conditions, and with like right of recovery as in the case of employees of persons, firms or private corporations. Accordingly, the same considerations, standards, and rules of decision shall apply in all cases in determining whether any employee under this chapter, at the time of the injury, was performing service growing out of and incidental to the employee's employment. For the purposes of this subsection no differentiation shall be made among any of the classes of employers enumerated in s. 102.04 or of employees enumerated in s. 102.07 ; and no statutes, ordinances, or administrative regulations otherwise applicable to any employees enumerated in s. 102.07 shall be controlling.

(d) Where the injury is not intentionally self-inflicted.

(e) Where the accident or disease causing injury arises out of the employee's employment.

(f) Every employee whose employment requires the employee to travel shall be deemed to be performing service growing out of and incidental to the employee's employment at all times while on a trip, except when engaged in a deviation for a private or personal purpose. Acts reasonably necessary for living or incidental thereto shall not be regarded as such a deviation. Any accident or disease arising out of a hazard of such service shall be deemed to arise out of the employee's employment.

(g) Members of the state legislature are covered by this chapter when they are engaged in performing their duties as state legislators including:

1. While performing services growing out of and incidental to their function as legislators;

2. While performing their official duties as members of committees or other official bodies created by the legislature;

3. While traveling to and from the state capital to perform their duties as legislators; and

4. While traveling to and from any place to perform services growing out of and incidental to their function as legislators, regardless of where the trip originated, and including acts reasonably necessary for living but excluding any deviations for private or personal purposes except that acts reasonably necessary for living are not deviations.

(2)  Where such conditions exist the right to the recovery of compensation under this chapter shall be the exclusive remedy against the employer, any other employee of the same employer and the worker's compensation insurance carrier. This section does not limit the right of an employee to bring action against any coemployee for an assault intended to cause bodily harm, or against a coemployee for negligent operation of a motor vehicle not owned or leased by the employer, or against a coemployee of the same employer to the extent that there would be liability of a governmental unit to pay judgments against employees under a collective bargaining agreement or a local ordinance.

(3)  Providing or failing to provide any safety inspection or safety advisory service incident to a contract for worker's compensation insurance or to a contract for safety inspections or safety advisory services does not by itself subject an insurer, an employer, an insurance service organization, a union, a union member or any agent or employee of the insurer, employer, insurance service organization or union to liability for damages for an injury resulting from providing or failing to provide the inspection or services.

(4)  The right to compensation and the amount of the compensation shall in all cases be determined in accordance with the provisions of law in effect as of the date of the injury except as to employees whose rate of compensation is changed as provided in s. 102.43 (5) (c) or (7) or 102.44 (1) or (5) and employees who are eligible to receive private rehabilitative counseling and rehabilitative training under s. 102.61 (1m) and except as provided in s. 102.555 (12) (b) .

(5)  If an employee, while working outside the territorial limits of this state, suffers an injury on account of which the employee, or in the event of the employee's death, his or her dependents, would have been entitled to the benefits provided by this chapter had such injury occurred within this state, such employee, or in the event of the employee's death resulting from such injury, the dependents of the employee, shall be entitled to the benefits provided by this chapter, if at the time of such injury any of the following applies:

(a) His or her employment is principally localized in this state.

(b) He or she is working under a contract of hire made in this state in employment not principally localized in any state.

(c) He or she is working under a contract made in this state in employment principally localized in another state whose worker's compensation law is not applicable to that person's employer.

(d) He or she is working under a contract of hire made in this state for employment outside the United States.

(e) He or she is a Wisconsin law enforcement officer acting under an agreement authorized under s. 175.46 .

1971 c. 148 , 307 , 324 ; 1975 c. 147 ss. 15 , 54 ; 1977 c. 195 , 272 , 418 ; 1979 c. 278 ; 1981 c. 92 ; 1983 a. 98 ; 1985 a. 83 ; 1993 a. 49 , 370 , 490 , 492 ; 2005 a. 172 ; 2007 a. 185 ; 2009 a. 206 ; 2011 a. 183 ; 2015 a. 180 . Committee Note, 1971: The Wisconsin Supreme Court in the case of Halama v. ILHR Department, 48 Wis. 2d 328 (1970), suggested that consideration be given to extending coverage to an employee who is injured while going to or from work on a direct route between two portions of the employer's premises, i.e., parking lot and work premises. [Bill 371-A] The department correctly found on a claim for death benefits for an employee murdered while she alone remained in an office that had been vacated by all other employees, that the accident arose out of the deceased's employment since the isolated work environment in which the deceased worked constituted a zone of special danger, and hence the positional risk doctrine was applicable. Allied Manufacturing, Inc. v. DILHR, 45 Wis. 2d 563 , 173 N.W.2d 690 (1970). The holding in Brown v. Ind. Comm , 9 Wis. 2d 555 , that causation legally sufficient to support compensation does not require a showing of strain or exertion greater than that normally required by the employee's work efforts, was not intended to preclude a doctor determining causation, from considering whether the employee was engaged in usual work at the time of injury. However, the doctor should not automatically conclude each time an employee is injured while performing a task previously performed on a regular basis that the injury was caused by a preexisting condition rather than employment. Pitsch v. DILHR, 47 Wis. 2d 55 , 176 N.W.2d 390 (1970). When a herniated disc was diagnosed within a few days after the claimed injury, the evidence did not justify the department's finding that the employee did not meet the burden of proof. Erickson v. DILHR, 49 Wis. 2d 114 , 181 N.W.2d 495 (1970). The department cannot divide liability for compensation among successive employers for the effects of successive injuries in the absence of evidence to sustain a finding that the disability arose from the successive injuries, nor can it assess all liability against one of several employers nor divide liability equally among each of several employers if there is no evidence to support a finding that the injury or injuries contributed to the disability in that manner. Semons Department Store v. DILHR, 50 Wis. 2d 518 , 184 N.W.2d 871 (1971). While susceptibility to further injury does not necessarily establish a permanent disability under the "as is" doctrine, an employee's predisposition to injury does not relieve a present employer from liability if the employee becomes injured due to the employment even though the injury may not have caused disability in another person. Semons Department Store v. DILHR, 50 Wis. 2d 518 , 184 N.W.2d 871 (1971). A salesperson on a trip who deviated to the extent of spending several hours in a tavern before being killed on his ordinary route home may have been in the course of employment, in which case his estate would be entitled to compensation. Lager v. DILHR, 50 Wis. 2d 651 , 185 N.W.2d 300 (1971). A wife cannot assert a separate and independent cause of action against her husband's employer for loss of consortium due to injuries sustained by the husband in an industrial accident covered by this chapter. Rosencrans v. Wisconsin Telephone Co. 54 Wis. 2d 124 , 194 N.W.2d 643 (1972). A commission finding that the deceased was performing services when killed while walking on a Milwaukee street at 3 a.m. while intoxicated was sustained. Phillips v. DILHR, 56 Wis. 2d 569 , 202 N.W.2d 249 (1972). Members of a partnership are employers of the employees of the partnership. An employee cannot bring a 3rd-party action against a member of the employing partnership. Candler v. Hardware Dealers Mutual Insurance Co. 57 Wis. 2d 85 , 203 N.W.2d 659 (1973). The "exclusive remedy" provision in sub. (2) does not prevent an action for personal injuries against a supervisory coemployee on the basis of negligence by common law standards. It makes no difference that the coemployee is brought in by means of a 3rd-party complaint. Lampada v. State Sand & Gravel Co. 58 Wis. 2d 315 , 206 N.W.2d 138 (1973). A salesperson, employed on a part-salary and part-commission basis, who travelled each day from his home, servicing and soliciting orders within a prescribed territory, using a delivery truck furnished by his employer whose office he was not required to report to, was performing services incidental to employment when he fell on his icy driveway going to his delivery truck to leave for his first call. Black River Dairy Products, Inc. v. DILHR, 58 Wis. 2d 537 , 207 N.W.2d 65 (1973). Since the decedent's employment status for services rendered in this state was substantial and not transitory, and the relationship was not interrupted by cessation of work for the Wisconsin employer, the department erred when it predicated its denial of benefits on the employer's conflicting testimony that during the year in which the employee met his death his working time in Wisconsin had been reduced to 10 percent. Simonton v. DILHR, 62 Wis. 2d 112 , 214 N.W.2d 302 (1974). Under sub. (1) (f), no purpose of the employer was served by an extended deviation to test road conditions in bad weather to determine if visiting a boyfriend or going on a hunting trip the next day would be feasible, nor was it a reasonably necessary for living or incidental thereto. Hunter v. DILHR, 64 Wis. 2d 97 , 218 N.W.2d 314 (1974). Under the 4-element test for deciding whether a worker was a loaned or special employee, the 1st element, actual or implied consent to work for the special employer, was negated by the existence of a work order providing that the plaintiff would not be employed by the special employer for a period of 90 days, and by the absence of any other evidence indicating consent; hence, the plaintiff was a business invitee and not an employee at the time of the accident. Nelson v. L. & J. Press Corp. 65 Wis. 2d 770 , 223 N.W.2d 607 (1974). Nontraumatically caused mental injury is compensable only if it results from a situation of greater dimensions than the day-to-day mental stresses and tensions that all employees must experience. Swiss Colony, Inc. v. DILHR, 72 Wis. 2d 46 , 240 N.W.2d 128 (1976). A provider of medical services to an employee did not have a cause of action under the worker's compensation act against the employer when the employer denied liability and compromised an employee's claim. La Crosse Lutheran Hospital v. Oldenburg, 73 Wis. 2d 71 , 241 N.W.2d 875 (1976). The doctrines of required travel, dual purpose, personal comfort, and special mission are discussed. Sauerwein v. DILHR, 82 Wis. 2d 294 , 262 N.W.2d 126 (1978). The personal comfort doctrine did not apply to an employee while going to lunch off of the employer's premises and not during specific working hours; a denial of benefits for an injury received while eating lunch off the premises did not deny equal protection. Marmolejo v. DILHR, 92 Wis. 2d 674 , 285 N.W.2d 650 (1979). The presumption in favor of traveling employees does not modify the requirements for employer liability. Goranson v. DILHR, 94 Wis. 2d 537 , 289 N.W.2d 270 (1980). That sub. (2) denies 3rd-party tort-feasors the right to a contribution action against a negligent employer who was substantially more at fault does not render the statute unconstitutional. Mulder v. Acme-Cleveland Corp. 95 Wis. 2d 173 , 290 N.W.2d 276 (1980). Use of the parking lot is a prerequisite for coverage under sub. (1) (c) 1. [now (1) (c) 2.]. Injury on a direct path between the lot and the work premises is insufficient. Jaeger Baking Co. v. Kretschmann, 96 Wis. 2d 590 , 292 N.W.2d 622 (1980). Sub. (2) is constitutional. Oliver v. Travelers Insurance Co. 103 Wis. 2d 644 , 309 N.W.2d 383 (Ct. App. 1981). The provision by an employer of alleged negligent medical care to an employee injured on the job by persons employed for that purpose did not subject the employer to tort liability for malpractice. Jenkins v. Sabourin, 104 Wis. 2d 309 , 311 N.W.2d 600 (1981). Repeated work-related back trauma was compensable as an occupational disease. Shelby Mutual Insurance Co. v. DILHR, 109 Wis. 2d 655 , 327 N.W.2d 178 (Ct. App. 1982). Injury due to horseplay was compensable. The "positional risk" doctrine applied. That doctrine provides that an accident arises out of employment when the connection between employment and the accident is such that the obligations of the employment place the employee in the particular place at the time the employee is injured by a force not personal to him or her. Bruns Volkswagen, Inc. v. DILHR, 110 Wis. 2d 319 , 328 N.W.2d 886 (Ct. App. 1982). When an employee who witnessed an injury to another was an active work-related participant in the tragedy, resulting nontraumatic psychic injury was compensable. International Harvester v. LIRC, 116 Wis. 2d 298 , 341 N.W.2d 721 (Ct. App. 1983). The "horseplay" rule barred recovery when the decedent jokingly placed his head inside a mold compression machine and accidentally started it. Nigbor v. DILHR, 115 Wis. 2d 606 , 340 N.W.2d 918 (Ct. App. 1983); aff'd 120 Wis. 2d 375 , 355 N.W.2d 532 (1984). An employee injured by machinery manufactured by a corporation that had merged with the employer prior to the accident could recover in tort against the employer under the "dual persona" doctrine. Schweiner v. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co. 120 Wis. 2d 344 , 354 N.W.2d 767 (Ct. App. 1984). Under the "positional risk" doctrine, the murder of an employee by a coemployee off work premises was an injury arising out of employment. Applied Plastics, Inc. v. LIRC, 121 Wis. 2d 271 , 359 N.W.2d 168 (Ct. App. 1984). Worker's compensation provides the exclusive remedy for injuries sustained as the result of a company doctor's negligence. Franke v. Durkee, 141 Wis. 2d 172 , 413 N.W.2d 667 (Ct. App. 1987). The "dual persona" doctrine is adopted, replacing the "dual capacity" doctrine. A 3rd-party may recover from an employer only when the employer has operated in a distinct persona as to the employee. Henning v. General Motors Assembly, 143 Wis. 2d 1 , 419 N.W.2d 551 (1988). The legal distinction between a corporation/employer and a partnership/landlord that leased the factory to the corporation, although both entities were composed of the same individuals, eliminated the partners' immunity as individuals under the exclusivity doctrine for negligence in maintaining the leased premises. Couillard v. Van Ess, 152 Wis. 2d 62 , 447 N.W.2d 391 (Ct. App. 1989). The injured employee, and not an injuring coemployee, must have been acting within the scope of employment at the time of injury. Jenson v. Employers Mutual Casualty Co. 161 Wis. 2d 253 , 468 N.W.2d 1 (1991). An assault under sub. (2) must be more than verbal; it must be physical. Jenson v. Employers Mutual Casualty Co. 161 Wis. 2d 253 , 468 N.W.2d 1 (1991). A parent corporation can be liable as a 3rd-party tortfeasor to an employee of a subsidiary when the parent negligently undertakes to render services to the subsidiary that the parent should have recognized were necessary for the protection of the subsidiary's employees. Miller v. Bristol-Myers, 168 Wis. 2d 863 , 485 N.W.2d 31 (1992). A compromise of a worker's compensation claim based on an allegation that an injury was job related precluded the claimant from pursuing a discrimination claim against the same employer on the theory that the injury was not job related. Marson v. LIRC, 178 Wis. 2d 118 , 503 N.W.2d 582 (Ct. App. 1993). A coemployee of the plaintiff who closed a car door on the plaintiff's hand was not engaged in the "operation of a motor vehicle" under sub. (2). Hake v. Zimmerlee, 178 Wis. 2d 417 , 504 N.W.2d 411 (Ct. App. 1993). A corporation's president who purchased and leased a machine to the corporation as an individual held a dual persona and was subject to tort liability. Rauch v. Officine Curioni, S.P.A. 179 Wis. 2d 539 , 508 N.W.2d 12 (Ct. App. 1993). This section does not bar an employee from seeking arbitration under a collective bargaining agreement to determine whether termination following an injury violated the agreement. This section only excludes tort actions for injuries covered by the act. County of Lacrosse v. WERC, 182 Wis. 2d 15 , 513 N.W.2d 708 (1994). A contract ``made in this state" under sub. (5) (b) is determined by where the contact was accepted. A contract accepted by telephone is made where the acceptor speaks. Horton v. Haddow, 186 Wis. 2d 174 , 519 N.W.2d 736 (Ct. App. 1994). Settlement of an employee's worker's compensation claim for a work related injury precluded the assertion of the employee's claim that she was entitled to leave for the injury under the Family Medical Leave Act, s. 103.10. Finell v. DILHR, 186 Wis. 2d 187 , 519 N.W.2d 731 (Ct. App. 1994). Employer payment of travel expenses does not alone render commuting a part of employment subject to coverage. When travel is a substantial part of employment and the employer provides a vehicle under its control and pays costs, coverage may be triggered. Doering v. LIRC, 187 Wis. 2d 471 , 523 N.W.2d 142 (Ct. App. 1994). Whether physical contact of a sexual nature was an assault by a coemployee not subject to the exclusive remedy provision of sub. (2) is a question of fact. A reasonable juror could conclude that sexual conduct could be so offensive that a reasonable person would have understood that physical injury such as loss of sleep, weight loss, or ulcers was substantially certain to follow. West Bend Mutual Insurance Co. v. Berger, 192 Wis. 2d 743 , 531 N.W.2d 636 (Ct. App. 1995). An employee's claims of defamation by an employer are preempted by this section. Claims for tortious interference with contract are not for injuries covered by the worker's compensation act and are not precluded. Wolf v. F & M Banks, 193 Wis. 2d 439 , 534 N.W.2d 877 (Ct. App. 1995). Nothing in this chapter precludes an employer from agreeing with employees to continue salaries for injured workers in excess of worker's compensation benefits. Excess payments are not worker's compensation and may be conditioned on the parties' agreement. City of Milwaukee v. DILHR, 193 Wis. 2d 626 , 534 N.W.2d 903 (Ct. App. 1995). A waiver of employer immunity from suit under this section may be made by an express agreement of indemnification. Schaub v. West Bend Mutual, 195 Wis. 2d 181 , 536 N.W.2d 123 (Ct. App. 1995), 94-2174 . If an employer injures an employee through intentional sexual harassment, the injury is not an accident under sub. (1) (e) and not subject to the exclusivity provision of sub. (2). Lentz v. Young, 195 Wis. 2d 457 , 536 N.W.2d 451 (Ct. App. 1995), 94-3335 . An employee must prove unusual stress in order to receive benefits for a nervous disability that resulted from emotional stress. Milwaukee v. LIRC, 205 Wis. 2d 255 , 556 N.W.2d 340 (Ct. App. 1996), 95-0541 . An attack that occurs during employment arising from a personal relationship outside the employment arises out of the employment if employment conditions contribute to the attack. Emotional injury from harassing phone calls by an ex-spouse to the employee at her place of work, after her employer unwittingly gave out her phone number, was an injury in the course of employment. Weiss v. City of Milwaukee, 208 Wis. 2d 95 , 559 N.W.2d 558 (1997), 94-0171 . The elements of proof placed on a claimant alleging physical injury as a result of emotional stress in the workplace requires that work activity precipitate, aggravate, or accelerate beyond normal progression a progressively deteriorating or degenerative condition. Unlike emotional injury from stress, showing "unusual stress" is not required. UPS v. Lust, 208 Wis. 2d 306 , 560 N.W.2d 301 (Ct. App. 1997), 96-0137 . The exclusive remedy provision in s. 102.03 (2) does not bar a complainant whose claim is covered by worker's compensation from pursuing an employment discrimination claim under the Fair Employment Act, subch. II of ch. 111. Byers v. LIRC, 208 Wis. 2d 388 , 561 N.W.2d 678 (1997), 95-2490 . An employee terminated for misrepresenting his or her medical condition while receiving disability benefits for a concededly work-related injury continues to be entitled to benefits. Brakebush Brothers, Inc. v. LIRC, 210 Wis. 2d 623 , 563 N.W.2d 512 (1997), 95-2586 . A work-related injury that plays any role in a second injury is properly considered a substantial factor in the reinjury. To find a work-related injury not a factor in a second injury, it must be found that the claimant would have suffered the same injury, to the same extent, despite the first injury. New symptoms alone do not suggest an unrelated second injury. Lange v. LIRC, 215 Wis. 2d 561 , 573 N.W.2d 856 (Ct. App. 1997), 97-0865 . The Seaman loaned employee test is a 3-element test that is often miscast because the Seaman court indicated that there are 4 "vital questions" that must be answered. The 3 elements are: 1) consent by the employee; 2) entry by the employee upon work for the special employer; and 3) power of the special employer to control details of the work. The distinction between employee consent to perform certain acts and consent to enter into a new employment relationship is important. Borneman v. Corwyn Transport, Ltd. 219 Wis. 2d 346 , 580 N.W.2d 253 (1998), 96-2511 . Under sub. (1) (f), there is a presumption that a travelling employee performs services incidental to employment at all times on a trip. The burden of proving a personal deviation on the trip is on the party asserting the deviation. Recreational activities may be considered a usual and proper part of the trip but do not always fit the presumption. CBS, Inc. v. LIRC, 219 Wis. 2d 564 , 579 N.W.2d 668 (1998), 96-3707 . LIRC's determination of "scope of employment" is given great weight deference. Whether any agency's determination is given great weight depends on whether it has experience in interpreting a particular statutory scheme and not on whether it has ruled on the specific facts. Town of Russell Volunteer Fire Department v. LIRC, 223 Wis. 2d 723 , 589 N.W.2d 445 (Ct. App. 1998), 98-0734 . A compensable injury must arise out of employment, which refers to the causal origin of the injury, and occur while the employee performs a service growing out of and incidental to employment, which refers to the time, place, and circumstances of the injury. Ide v. LIRC, 224 Wis. 2d 159 , 589 N.W.2d 363 (1999), 97-1649 . Intentional harm to an employee is an "accident " subject to this chapter if caused by acts of a coemployee, but not if caused by acts of an employer. Intentionally self-inflicted injury is not subject to this chapter, but death by suicide is not necessarily "intentionally self-inflicted" and is subject to this chapter if the suicide results from a work-related injury without an independent intervening cause. Cohn v. Apogee, Inc. 225 Wis. 2d 815 , 593 N.W.2d 921 (Ct. App. 1999), 97-3817 . Sub. (1) (f) does not establish a bright line rule that if a travelling employee stays over past the conclusion of a business part of a trip, there is a personal deviation. An employee is not required to seek immediate seclusion in a hotel and to remain away from human beings at the risk of being charged with deviating from employment. Wisconsin Electric Power Co. v. LIRC, 226 Wis. 2d 778 , 595 N.W.2d 23 (1999), 97-2747 . Injuries did not arise out of employment when the injured party was injured while collecting a paycheck as a matter of personal convenience. Secor v. LIRC, 2000 WI App 11 , 232 Wis. 2d 519 , 606 N.W.2d 175 , 99-0123 . An employee's claim under s. 134.01 against fellow employees for injury to reputation and profession was preempted by this section. Mudrovich v. Soto, 2000 WI App 174 , 238 Wis. 2d 162 , 617 N.W.2d 242 , 99-1410 . Under sub. (2), recovery of compensation is the exclusive remedy against a worker's compensation carrier and the carrier's agents. Walstrom v. Gallagher Bassett Services, Inc. 2000 WI App 247 , 239 Wis. 2d 473 , 620 N.W.2d 223 , 00-1334 . It was reasonable for LIRC to hold that an employee had temporarily abandoned his job and was not performing services incidental to employment under sub. (1) (c) 1. when he left the workplace to seek medical attention for an immediate need that was not related to his employment, even though intending to return. Fry v. LIRC, 2000 WI App 239 , 239 Wis. 2d 574 , 620 N.W.2d 449 , 00-0523 . Whether a traveling employee's multiple drinks at a tavern was a deviation was irrelevant when the employee was injured while engaged in a later act reasonably necessary to living. Under s. 102.58, intoxication does not defeat a worker's compensation claim but only decreases the benefits. Heritage Mutual Insurance Co. v. Larsen, 2001 WI 30 , 242 Wis. 2d 47 , 624 N.W.2d 129 , 98-3577 . Under the private errand doctrine, if a person in authority over the employee asks the employee to perform a service for the personal benefit of the employer or the employee's superior and the employee is injured while performing the task, the injury grew out of and was incidental to employment unless the request is clearly unauthorized. Begel v. LIRC, 2001 WI App 134 , 246 Wis. 2d 345 , 631 N.W.2d 220 , 00-1875 . Under the "dual persona" doctrine, the employer's second role must be so unrelated to its role as an employer that it constitutes a separate legal person. St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co. v. Keltgen, 2003 WI App 53 , 260 Wis. 2d 523 , 659 N.W.2d 906 , 02-1249 . When one company was the injured employee's employer on the date of the injury, but another company contracted to become the employer retroactive to a date prior to the injury, the former and its insurer were the responsible for providing benefits under ch. 102. Epic Staff Management, Inc. v. LIRC, 2003 WI App 143 , 266 Wis. 2d 369 , 667 N.W.2d 765 , 02-2310 . Under the last exception in sub. (2), an employee who receives worker's compensation benefits may also file suit against a coemployee when a governmental unit is obligated to pay judgments against that employee pursuant to a collective bargaining agreement or a local ordinance. Keller v. Kraft, 2003 WI App 212 , 267 Wis. 2d 444 , 671 N.W.2d 361 , 02-3377 . A claim of negligent hiring, training, and supervision against an employer for injuries caused by a sexual assault committed by a coemployee is precluded by the exclusivity provision in sub. (2). This chapter's purpose, history, and application demonstrate that the court is not a proper authority to create a public policy exception to the exclusivity provision. Peterson v. Arlington Hospitality Staffing, Inc. 2004 WI App 199 , 276 Wis. 2d 746 , 689 N.W.2d 61 , 03-2811 . A Labor and Industry Review Commission's (LIRC) determination that an employee who sustained a knee injury while playing softball during a paid break period deserved worker's compensation benefits was reasonable. LIRC reasonably relied upon a treatise that holds that recreational activities are within the course of employment when they have gone on long enough to become an incident of employment. E. C. Styberg Engineering v. LIRC, 2005 WI App 20 , 278 Wis. 2d 540 , 692 N.W.2d 322 , 04-1039 . A state session law that was never adopted by the common council or any other local legislative body as an ordinance, but was numbered and reprinted in the Milwaukee City Charter because it was not a local ordinance under sub. (2). Keller v. Kraft, 2005 WI App 102 , 381 Wis. 2d 784 , 698 N.W.2d 843 , 04-1315 . When two employees, who each work for separate temporary help agencies are both placed with the same client of the temporary help agencies, sub. (2) does not prevent the employee who is injured by the conduct of the other employee from suing the latter's temporary help agency under a theory of respondeat superior . Warr v. QPS Companies, 2007 WI App 14 , 298 Wis. 2d 440 , 728 N.W.2d 39 , 06-0208 . The exception to coemployee immunity due to negligent operation of a vehicle in sub. (2) must be narrowly construed. The distinction between operation and maintenance or repairs should apply in the context of the exception. When the action under consideration is undertaken to service or repair a vehicle, and the condition of the vehicle is such that it could not then be driven on a public roadway, the action does not constitute operation of a motor vehicle. McNeil v. Hansen, 2007 WI 56 , 300 Wis. 2d 358 , 731 N.W.2d 273 , 05-0423 . An injured employee was entitled to temporary total disability (TTD) benefits after being terminated for violating plant safety rules while assigned to light duty work while within his healing period and without having regained the use of a hand. The employee suffered a wage loss while his injury limited his ability to work, meeting the statutory criteria for TTD. This chapter contains no exception to liability for an injured employee who is subsequently terminated, even for good cause. Emmpak Foods, Inc. v. LIRC, 2007 WI App 164 , 303 Wis. 2d 771 , 737 N.W.2d 60 , 06-0729 . Wisconsin's worker's compensation jurisprudence clearly recognizes that an in-state injury in the course of employment will give rise to coverage under the act. When an out-of-state employer sends an out-of-state employee to Wisconsin and the employee is injured or killed in Wisconsin in the course of employment, Wisconsin's act is applicable. Therefore, a coemployee has no liability for the employee's death and the coemployee's insurers were properly dismissed from the case. Estate of Torres v. Empire Fire and Marine Insurance Company, 2008 WI App 113 , 313 Wis. 2d 371 , 756 N.W.2d 662 , 07-1519 . The negligent operation of a motor vehicle exception to the exclusive remedy provision in sub. (2) did not apply to the incorrect placement of a vehicle on a hoist for repairs. The alleged negligence here was the way the vehicle was positioned on the hoist, which is independent of how the vehicle was operated. Under any definition of operation, the defendant's manipulation of or control over the vehicle, its movement, or its instruments was not negligent in and of itself. Kuehl v. Sentry Select Insurance Company, 2009 WI App 38 , 316 Wis. 2d 506 , 765 N.W.2d 860 , 08-1681 . When an employee was required to report to a job site not owned or controlled by the employer to render services to a customer and the making of the journey was not part of the service for which the employee was paid, there was nothing to distinguish the employee's regular commute to work from that of any employees who leave their home to travel to their place of employment where the workday begins. The employee was not a traveling employee under sub. (1) (f). The travel contemplated by sub. (1) (f) must be something more and something different than a daily commute to or from work at an established job site. McRae v. Porta Painting, Inc. 2009 WI App 89 , 320 Wis. 2d 178 , 769 N.W.2d 74 , 08-1946 . Under Jenson, the tort of intentional infliction of mental distress is barred by the exclusivity provision of the Worker's Compensation Act. The Jenson court did not make or discuss the distinction between acts that occurred during employment and after termination. Farady-Sultze v. Aurora Medical Center of Oshkosh, Inc. 2010 WI App 99 , 327 Wis. 2d 110 , 787 N.W.2d 433 , 09-2429 . Sub. (1) (d) exists to prevent fraud in the system, i.e., a deliberately inflicted injury for the purpose of recovering worker's compensation benefits. It did not apply when the claimant suffered injuries while performing cake decorating when the claimant was asked to do so by her superiors, despite the fact that the employer was aware of medical restrictions prohibiting that activity. Pick 'n Save Roundy's v. LIRC, 2010 WI App 130 , 329 Wis. 2d 674 , 791 N.W.2d 216 , 09-2594 . The key to the application of the "well-being activity" exclusion under sub. (1) (c) 3. is whether the employee was being compensated for engaging in his or her employer's business at the time of the injury. If the employer was compensating the employee when the injury occurred, it is the employer's acknowledgement that the employee was engaged in the employer's business and the exception does not apply. City of Kenosha v. LIRC, 2011 WI App 51 , 332 Wis. 2d 448 , 797 N.W.2d 885 , 10-0883 . Post-termination defamation by an employer is not covered by ch. 102 and is not subject to the exclusive remedy provision. Anderson v. Hebert, 2011 WI App 56 , 332 Wis. 2d 432 , 798 N.W.2d 275 , 10-1992 . Because an injured employee entered into a compromise agreement with his employer, the exclusive remedy provision under sub. (2) precludes the injured employee from bringing a subsequent negligence action against a fellow employee for the injuries that were the subject of the worker's compensation claim. Martine v. Williams, 2011 WI App 68 , 333 Wis. 2d 203 , 799 N.W.2d 449 , 10-1426 . The logical corollary to sub. (1) (c) 3. is that an employee is performing services growing out of and incidental to employment if the employee's injury occurs while participating in a well-being program, event, or activity that is not voluntary or for which the employee is receiving compensation. An employee who was performing push-ups at his residence in preparation for a mandatory fitness test, for which extra pay could be awarded for excellence and discipline imposed for failure, was reasonably found to be acting in the course of his employment and entitled to benefits. City of Appleton Police Department v. Labor and Industry Review Commission, 2012 WI App 50 , 340 Wis. 2d 720 , 813 N.W.2d 237 , 11-2008 . While s. 895.46 (1) (a) requires governments to pay judgments taken against their officers and employees for liability incurred though the performance of their official duties, the statute is not encompassed within the language of sub. (2). The coemployee exception of sub. (2) specifically eliminated a local government unit's obligation to pay judgments under s. 895.46. Flores v. Goeman, 2013 WI App 110 , 350 Wis. 2d 454 , 839 N.W.2d 409 , 12-2272 . The exclusive remedy provision does not bar a ship owner from asserting a right to indemnification against the employer of the injured worker even though he has been paid compensation. Bagrowski v. American Export Isbrantsen Lines, Inc. 440 F.2d 502 (1971). Emotional distress injury due to sexual harassment was exclusively compensable under this section. Zabkowicz v. West Bend Co., Div. Dart Industries, 789 F.2d 540 (1986). When 2 employees left their place of employment to fight each other, neither was acting within the scope of employment. There was no cause of action against the employer under ch. 102 or tort or agency law. Johnson v. Hondo, Inc. 125 F.3d 408 (1997). Sexual harassment was an accident under sub. (1) (e) and subject to the exclusivity provision of sub. (2). Lentz, 195 Wis. 2d 457 , is distinguished. Hibben v. Nardone, 137 F.3d 480 (1998). A 3rd-party was required to pay 95 percent of the damages even though only 25 percent negligent because an employer was shielded by sub. (2). Schuldies v. Service Machine Co. 448 F. Supp. 1196 (1978). The plaintiff was a special employee of a 3rd-party defendant and a 3rd-party action was barred by the exclusivity provisions of this section. Simmons v. Atlas Vac Mach. Co. 493 F. Supp. 1082 (1980). Although the employer of an injured employee was found to be at fault, a manufacturer who was also found to be at fault was not entitled to contribution from the employer. Ladwig v. Ermanco, Inc. 504 F. Supp. 1229 (1981). Unauthorized sexual touching did not constitute an assault intended to cause bodily harm under sub. (2). Hrabak v. Marquip, Inc. 798 F. Supp. 550 (1992). The exclusivity provision of the worker's compensation act does not bar a claim for invasion of privacy under s. 895.50. Marino v. Arandell Corp. 1 F. Supp. 2d 947 (1998). Worker's Compensation Act No Longer Protects Against Employment Discrimination Claims. Skinner. Wis. Law. March 1998.